Crypto Staking 101: What Is a Crypto Staking and How Does It Work?
- Cryptocurrency staking refers to the process of securing a blockchain network by locking up coins, while simultaneously reaping rewards for doing so.
- For crypto investors, staking has become a popular way to grow their portfolio without having to liquidate their digital assets.
- Engaging in crypto staking involves a unique set of risks that could potentially lead to financial loss.
What is Staking?
Staking refers to the process by which individuals pledge their cryptocurrency, known as their "stake," to support the security and functioning of a blockchain network. By staking their coins, individuals actively contribute to the integrity of the network and play a role in validating transactions on the blockchain.
Staking is exclusive to blockchain networks that utilize a proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, such as Ethereum and Cardano. Unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, which rely on proof-of-work (PoW), where miners employ computational power to validate transactions, PoS operates differently.
By staking their coins, users make their holdings less liquid because the coins are tied up in the staking process. Although individuals typically retain access to their staked coins, they may not be able to use them for other purposes until they are no longer staked.
Proof of Stake Validation
The PoS algorithm uses pseudo-randomness to select validators from a pool of nodes based on factors such as: stake age, randomization, and wealth. However, each PoS cryptocurrency has its own unique rules and methods tailored to optimize its network and benefit its users. These variations align with the specific priorities and goals of each PoS blockchain.
PoS introduces the ability to produce blocks without the need for specialized mining hardware, such as ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits). Unlike traditional mining, which requires a significant investment in hardware and significant energy consumption to power mining operations, staking works on a different principle. Instead of relying on mining equipment, staking involves investing in the cryptocurrency itself.
By holding and locking a certain amount of the cryptocurrency in a staking wallet, individuals can actively participate in the consensus process and potentially earn rewards based on their stake. This shift in approach provides a more energy-efficient and accessible way to secure and validate transactions on the blockchain network.
In PoS, blocks are forged instead of mined. When a node is selected to forge the next block, it verifies the transactions' validity, signs the block, and adds it to the blockchain. As a reward, the node receives transaction fees and, in some cases, a coin reward.
When a node decides to cease being a forger in PoS, its stake and accumulated rewards are released after a specific period. This timeframe allows the network to verify that the node has not added any fraudulent blocks to the blockchain.
There is a common argument that block production by staking allows for greater scalability of blockchains. This scalability benefit is one of the main motivations behind the Ethereum network's transition from PoW to PoS. This transition is taking place through a series of technical upgrades known as ETH 2.0, which are designed to increase the efficiency and scalability of the Ethereum blockchain.
How Does Staking Work in Crypto?
Each proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain network has its designated staking currency, typically the native cryptocurrency of the network. For example, Ethereum-based PoS blockchains use ether as the staking currency. New PoS networks introduce their own cryptocurrencies for staking.
Staking methods vary based on technical expertise, stake level, and desired control. Setting up a validator node provides maximum control, but requires technical expertise and carries greater responsibility. Staking-as-a-service platforms allow delegation to trusted service providers running validator nodes, balancing control and convenience.
Pooled staking combines stakes from multiple users. Some exchanges provide staking services, allowing users to stake without running their own nodes. Consider the exchange's security measures before choosing this convenient option.
TabTrader offers a wide variety of crypto to be staked via integrations with the world’s biggest exchanges. TabTrader Terminal users benefit from being able to trade on multiple platforms at once, right from one convenient interface.
Check out TabTrader for iOS, Android and Web to get started
New to trading or just want to find out more about how crypto works? The TabTrader Academy has you covered.
Popular Crypto Staking Coins
In recent years, proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus has gained significant traction, providing more opportunities for staking coins. Previously, options for staking were limited, but now, a growing number of projects are adopting PoS, and several exchanges are simplifying the process of earning crypto through staking.
Below is a compilation of popular proof-of-stake coins, along with their average annual return as a percentage of the cryptocurrency amount staked.
Ethereum (ETH)
Ethereum (ETH) has become a very popular cryptocurrency, although it functions as more than just a cryptocurrency. A minimum of 32 ETH is required to stake Ethereum independently. The expected annual return on Ethereum investments ranges from 5% to 17%.
EOS
EOS, similar to Ethereum, serves as a platform for decentralized applications. EOS tokens are native to the EOS blockchain and can be staked to earn rewards. The anticipated rate of return for EOS staking is approximately 3%.
Tezos (XTZ)
Tezos (XTZ), like Ethereum and EOS, operates as an open-source blockchain network with its native currency represented by the symbol XTZ. Staking XTZ is possible on various platforms and networks. Currently, the expected annual rate of return for Tezos staking stands around 6%.
Polkadot (DOT)
Polkadot, a newer cryptocurrency introduced in August 2020, aims to facilitate interoperability and support distinct blockchains called "parachains" developed by different parties. The Kraken crypto exchange offers staking services for DOT. DOT staking provides an annual yield of approximately 15%.
Investors should bear in mind that while the aforementioned yields may appear high compared to traditional financial markets, they also carry a significant level of risk, as the value of the coins can experience rapid declines.
What Is a Staking Pool?
Staking pools enable cryptocurrency holders to consolidate their coins, boosting their chances of becoming validators. Through this consolidation of staking power, participants enhance their probability of earning rewards, which are then distributed proportionally based on their contribution to the pool.
Staking pools provide a valuable opportunity for individuals who do not have the resources or technical expertise to run their own nodes. By joining staking pools, users can delegate their staking power to the pool operator and still earn rewards without the complexities of node management. This inclusive approach allows a wider range of users to participate in staking and benefit from the potential rewards associated with their staked assets.
Smaller investors with insufficient coins can join pools to meet minimum staking requirements and start earning rewards. When considering wagering pools, remember to research and select reputable pools with strong performance and security records. These pools may charge fees for rewards, but can provide a reliable and secure staking experience.
Benefits of Staking Crypto
Maximizing Returns with Staking
Staking enables users to earn passive income by participating in the network's validation process. Validators receive cryptocurrency or transaction fees as rewards, providing an opportunity to generate income without selling their holdings.
Promoting decentralization
By allowing anyone to participate in the validation process, staking contributes to network decentralization. This reduces the risk of a single entity gaining control over the network, safeguarding its security and integrity.
Enhancing network security
Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest, contributing to its security. Validators face the risk of losing their stakes if they engage in malicious behavior, discouraging potential threats to the network's integrity.
Network governance
Certain blockchain networks grant voting rights to stakeholders who stake their cryptocurrency. This empowers them to participate in network governance, influencing decisions on protocol upgrades, changes, and future developments, thereby shaping the network's evolution.
Energy efficiency
Compared to traditional Proof-of-Work (PoW) mining, staking is known for its energy efficiency. The validation process requires significantly less computational power, resulting in reduced energy consumption and a more eco-friendly approach.
Risks of Staking Crypto
Volatility
Staking cryptocurrencies exposes validators to the inherent volatility of the market. Fluctuations in the value of staked assets can occur rapidly, potentially leading to significant losses.
Centralization
In certain PoS networks, a concentration of staked coins among a few validators can create centralization risks. This situation grants disproportionate power to a select few, potentially compromising the network's decentralization.
Technical
Staking involves locking coins in a wallet or validator node for an extended duration, exposing validators to technical risks. Software bugs or vulnerabilities may lead to the loss of staked coins, emphasizing the importance of robust security measures.
Slashing
Validators in PoS networks face penalties, known as slashing, for violating network rules, such as double-signing or extended offline periods. These penalties can result in the partial or complete loss of staked coins.
Lock-up periods
During staking, coins are typically locked for a predetermined period, limiting immediate access. This restriction may hinder timely responses to price fluctuations and potential investment opportunities.
By understanding and addressing these risks, validators can navigate the staking landscape more effectively and reduce the likelihood of adverse outcomes.
How are Staking Rewards Calculated?
The calculation of staking rewards varies across different blockchain networks and can involve several factors. Here are some key elements that may be considered in the calculation:
1. Staked Coin Quantity
The number of coins staked by the validator can play a role in determining the rewards. Generally, a higher staked amount may lead to proportionally higher rewards.
2. Total Staked Coins
The total number of coins staked on the network may impact rewards. In some cases, a larger staked supply can result in lower individual rewards due to higher competition.
3. Validator Performance
Validators' ability to fulfill their responsibilities and maintain a high level of network uptime and reliability may be taken into account. Networks may reward validators who consistently meet their obligations.
4. Staking Duration
The length of time a validator has actively participated in staking can be a factor. Some networks may reward validators based on the duration of their stake, incentivizing long-term participation.
5. Inflation Rate
The inflation rate of the cryptocurrency can influence staking rewards. Validators may receive a portion of newly minted coins as compensation for participating in the staking process.
6. Transaction Fees
Networks may consider transaction fees collected within the blockchain ecosystem. Validators may receive a portion of these fees as part of their staking rewards.
Some networks offer fixed percentage-based staking rewards, ensuring a predictable reward schedule for validators. This transparency can incentivize more participants to engage in staking.
It's important to note that each blockchain network may have its own unique formula for calculating staking rewards. Validators should refer to the specific network's documentation or consult official sources for precise details on how rewards are determined.
How You can Stake Crypto?
Acquire PoS cryptocurrency
First and foremost, select a cryptocurrency that facilitates staking. Ensure that it supports Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus. Acquire the necessary number of coins required for staking. It's important to note that certain blockchains may have minimum staking thresholds, which can vary across networks.
Secure a staking wallet
Set up a wallet specifically designed for staking purposes. It is recommended to utilize wallets endorsed by the official website of the respective blockchain.
Transfer your staking coins
Initiate the transfer of your staking coins to the designated wallet. Adhere to the network-specific guidelines provided for seamless coin transfer.
Initiate the staking process
Follow the instructions outlined on the official website of the chosen blockchain to commence staking. This may entail either delegating your coins to a validator node or operating a validator node yourself, depending on the network's requirements. Ensure you carefully follow the provided instructions to ensure a successful staking experience.
The Key Points to Remember
Engaging in crypto staking provides opportunities for individuals to actively contribute to blockchain maintenance and governance, while also earning rewards through asset ownership. As staking becomes more accessible, barriers to entry in the blockchain ecosystem are diminishing.
However, it is crucial to acknowledge that staking carries inherent risks. Smart contracts utilized for fund lock-up can be susceptible to bugs, emphasizing the importance of conducting thorough research and utilizing highly secure wallets.
FAQ
1. What is crypto staking?
Crypto staking involves actively participating in a blockchain network by locking up a specific amount of cryptocurrency. This contribution supports various network operations, including transaction validation and network security. In return, participants receive staking rewards as an incentive for their involvement in the network.
2. What risks are associated with staking?
Staking crypto carries inherent risks that participants should be aware of. These risks encompass factors such as market volatility, the potential for slashing penalties due to rule violations, the risk of centralization in certain networks, technical vulnerabilities that could result in asset loss, and lock-up periods that limit immediate access to staked funds.
3. How can I mitigate the risks of staking?
To mitigate the risks associated with staking, thorough research is essential. Prioritize understanding the specific cryptocurrency and network you intend to stake with. Select reputable staking wallets and employ robust security measures to safeguard your assets. Stay up to date with network guidelines and recommended practices to minimize the potential for penalties, technical issues, and potential losses.
Further Reading
